;WRITTEN BY IAIN MCCURDY, 2010 -odevaudio -b400 -d -m0 sr = 44100 ksmps = 10 nchnls = 2 0dbfs = 1 ;FLTK INTERFACE CODE;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; FLcolor 255, 255, 255, 0, 0, 0 ;SET INTERFACE COLOURS FLpanel "Beating", 500, 490, 0, 0 ;SWITCHES ON | OFF | TYPE | WIDTH | HEIGHT | X | Y | OPCODE | INS | STARTTIM | IDUR gkOnOff,ihOnOff FLbutton "On/Off", 1, 0, 22, 150, 28, 5, 5, 0, 1, 0, -1 FLsetColor2 255, 255, 50, ihOnOff ;SET SECONDARY COLOUR TO YELLOW ;VALUE DISPLAY BOXES WIDTH | HEIGHT | X | Y idcps FLvalue " ", 60, 20, 5, 75 iddtn FLvalue " ", 60, 20, 5, 125 ;SLIDERS MIN | MAX | EXP | TYPE | DISP | WIDTH | HEIGHT | X | Y gkcps, ihcps FLslider "Base Frequency (hertz)",50, 5000, -1, 23, idcps, 490, 25, 5, 50 gkgain, ihgain FLslider "Global Gain", 0, 1, 0, 23, -1, 490, 25, 5,150 ;KOUT, IHANDLE FLROLLER "LABEL", MIN | MAX | STEP | EXP | TYPE | DISP | WIDTH | HEIGHT | X | Y gkdtn, ihdtn FLroller "Detune (hertz)", -100, 100, 0.01, 0, 1, iddtn, 490, 25, 5, 100 ;SET INITIAL VALUES FOR VALUATORS FLsetVal_i 440, ihcps FLsetVal_i 0, ihdtn FLsetVal_i 0.5, ihgain ;PARTIAL STRENGTH SLIDERS ;BORDERS ITYPE, IFONT, ISIZE, IWIDTH, IHEIGHT, IX, IY ih FLbox " ", 6, 9, 15, 490, 95, 5, 195 ;BORDER AROUND PARTIAL STRENGTH SLIDERS ;TEXT BOXES TYPE | FONT | SIZE | WIDTH | HEIGHT | X | Y ih FLbox "Partial Strengths", 1, 5, 14, 90, 20, 10, 225 ;VALUES USED FOR PARTIAL STRENGTH SLIDERS iheight = 60 iwidth = 20 ix = 100 iy = 205 itype = 24 ;MACRO USED FOR PARTIAL STRENGTH SLIDER TO REDUCE CODE REPETITION. ARGUMENT IS A COUNTER. #define SLIDER(N) # ;SLIDERS MIN | MAX | EXP | TYPE | DISP | WIDTH | HEIGHT | X | Y gkamp$N, ihamp$N FLslider "$N", 0, 1, 0, itype, -1, iwidth, iheight, ix, iy ix = ix + iwidth # ;EXECUTE MACRO MULTIPLE TIMES $SLIDER(1) $SLIDER(2) $SLIDER(3) $SLIDER(4) $SLIDER(5) $SLIDER(6) $SLIDER(7) $SLIDER(8) $SLIDER(9) $SLIDER(10) $SLIDER(11) $SLIDER(12) $SLIDER(13) $SLIDER(14) $SLIDER(15) $SLIDER(16) ;SET INITIAL VALUES FOR VALUATORS FLsetVal_i 0, ihamp1 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp2 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp3 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp4 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp5 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp6 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp7 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp8 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp9 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp10 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp11 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp12 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp13 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp14 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp15 FLsetVal_i 1, ihamp16 ;SLIDERS MIN | MAX | EXP | TYPE | DISP | WIDTH | HEIGHT | X | Y gkTone1Amp, ihTone1Amp FLslider "Tone 1 Amplitude", 0, 1, 0, 23, -1, 490, 25, 5, 300 gkTone2Amp, ihTone2Amp FLslider "Tone 2 Amplitude", 0, 1, 0, 23, -1, 490, 25, 5, 350 FLsetVal_i 1, ihTone1Amp FLsetVal_i 1, ihTone2Amp ;BORDERS ITYPE, IFONT, ISIZE, IWIDTH, IHEIGHT, IX, IY ih FLbox " ", 6, 9, 15, 240, 90, 5, 400 ;BORDER ;GENERAL_TEXT_SETTINGS SIZE | FONT | ALIGN | RED | GREEN | BLUE FLlabel 13, 1, 3, 255, 255, 255 ;LABELS MADE INVISIBLE (I.E. SAME COLOR AS PANEL) ;BUTTON BANKS TYPE | NUMX | NUMY | WIDTH | HEIGHT | X | Y | OPCODE | INS | STARTTIM | DUR gkinterval, ihinterval FLbutBank 14, 1, 4, 18, 80, 90, 405, -1 ;GENERAL_TEXT_SETTINGS SIZE | FONT | ALIGN | RED | GREEN | BLUE FLlabel 13, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0 ;LABELS MADE VISIBLE AGAIN ;TEXT BOXES TYPE | FONT | SIZE | WIDTH | HEIGHT | X | Y ih FLbox "Interval:", 1, 5, 14, 80, 20, 10, 405 ih FLbox "Unison (1/1)", 1, 5, 14, 100, 20, 110, 405 ih FLbox "Octave (2/1)", 1, 5, 14, 100, 20, 110, 425 ih FLbox "Fifth (3/2) ", 1, 5, 14, 100, 20, 110, 445 ih FLbox "Fourth (4/3)", 1, 5, 14, 100, 20, 110, 465 ;BORDERS ITYPE, IFONT, ISIZE, IWIDTH, IHEIGHT, IX, IY ih FLbox " ", 6, 9, 15, 240, 50, 255, 400 ;BORDER ;GENERAL_TEXT_SETTINGS SIZE | FONT | ALIGN | RED | GREEN | BLUE FLlabel 13, 1, 3, 255, 255, 255 ;LABELS MADE INVISIBLE (I.E. SAME COLOR AS PANEL) ;BUTTON BANKS TYPE | NUMX | NUMY | WIDTH | HEIGHT | X | Y | OPCODE | INS | STARTTIM | DUR gkmode, ihmode FLbutBank 14, 1, 2, 18, 40, 310,405, -1 ;GENERAL_TEXT_SETTINGS SIZE | FONT | ALIGN | RED | GREEN | BLUE FLlabel 13, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0 ;LABELS MADE VISIBLE AGAIN ;TEXT BOXES TYPE | FONT | SIZE | WIDTH | HEIGHT | X | Y ih FLbox "Mode:", 1, 5, 14, 50, 20, 260, 405 ih FLbox "Mixed Mono", 1, 5, 14, 100, 20, 330, 405 ih FLbox "Binaural ", 1, 5, 14, 100, 20, 330, 425 FLpanel_end ;END OF PANEL CONTENTS ;INSTRUCTIONS AND INFO PANEL FLpanel " ", 515, 600, 512, 0 FLscroll 515, 600, 0, 0 ;TEXT BOXES TYPE | FONT | SIZE | WIDTH | HEIGHT | X | Y ih FLbox " Beating ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 0 ih FLbox "-------------------------------------------------------------", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 20 ih FLbox "'Beating' is the name given to the effect of amplitude ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 40 ih FLbox "modulation that occurs when two similar tones are sounded ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 60 ih FLbox "together and detuned with respect to one other. Typically the", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 80 ih FLbox "frequencies of the two tones need to be within about 20 hertz", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 100 ih FLbox "of each other in order for the effect of amplitude modulation", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 120 ih FLbox "to be perceived. ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 140 ih FLbox "The effect will be most clearly heard when the two tones are ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 160 ih FLbox "sine waves. ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 180 ih FLbox "The 'Base Frequency' slider controls the frequency of both ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 200 ih FLbox "the tones. The 'Detune' roller controls the amount by which ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 220 ih FLbox "the second tone will be detuned with respect to the first. ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 240 ih FLbox "As detuning frequency is increased to around 15 hertz we ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 260 ih FLbox "begin to lose track of the amplitude modulation effect and ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 280 ih FLbox "begin to perceive a tone with 'roughness'. As the detuning ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 300 ih FLbox "is increased further the two tones un-fuse and we perceive ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 320 ih FLbox "two distinct pitches. ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 340 ih FLbox "This example defaults to employing a sine wave for both of ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 360 ih FLbox "the tone but the user can add partials to explore ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 380 ih FLbox "relationships between beating frequency and partial number. ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 400 ih FLbox "Beating frequency for the second partial will be twice that ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 420 ih FLbox "for the first partial (fundemental), beat frequency for the ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 440 ih FLbox "third partial will be three times that for the first partial ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 460 ih FLbox "and so on. ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 480 ih FLbox "As more partials are added the clear sense of amplitude ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 500 ih FLbox "modulation is lost and instead a periodic swirling is ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 520 ih FLbox "perceived at the fundemental beat frequency. ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 540 ih FLbox "The phenomenon of beating is often used by string players and", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 560 ih FLbox "guitarists to tune their instruments. ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 580 ih FLbox "Additionally, this example allows the user to offset the ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 600 ih FLbox "second tone by a number of just intoned intervals (octave, ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 620 ih FLbox "fifth or a fourth). It can be observed how beating occurs ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 640 ih FLbox "between different partials when the two tones are not in ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 660 ih FLbox "unison. When the interval is an octave, beating most clearly ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 680 ih FLbox "occurs between partials 1 and 2, when the interval is a fifth", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 680 ih FLbox "between partials 2 and 3 and when the interval is a fourth ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 680 ih FLbox "between partials 3 and 4. ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 700 ih FLbox "When 'binaural' mode is selected the two tones are sent ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 720 ih FLbox "separately to the left and right channels. If headphones are ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 740 ih FLbox "used the beating effect effect no longer occurs acoustically ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 760 ih FLbox "but instead within the brain. This effect is called 'binaural", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 780 ih FLbox "beating' and is sometimes used as a therapy for insomnia and ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 800 ih FLbox "to aid relaxation and concentration. This technique is called", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 820 ih FLbox "'brainwave entrainment' or 'brainwave synchronization'. More ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 840 ih FLbox "information on this subject can easily be researched. ", 1, 5, 14, 490, 20, 5, 860 FLscroll_end FLpanel_end FLrun ;RUN THE FLTK WIDGET THREAD ;END OF FLTK INTERFACE CODE;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; gisine ftgen 0, 0, 131072, 10, 1 ;SINE WAVE giintervals ftgen 0, 0, 4, -2, 1, 2, 3/2, 4/3 ;TABLE OF JUST INTONATION INTERVALS instr 1 if gkOnOff=0 then ;IF ON/OFF BUTTON IS OFF... turnoff ;TURN THIS INSTRUMENT OFF IMMEDIATELY endif ;END OF CONDITIONAL BRANCHING iporttime = 0.05 ;PORTAMENTO TIME kporttime linseg 0,0.001,iporttime,1,iporttime ;RAMPING UP FUNCTION FOR PORTAMENTO TIME kamp1 portk gkamp1, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp2 portk gkamp2, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp3 portk gkamp3, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp4 portk gkamp4, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp5 portk gkamp5, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp6 portk gkamp6, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp7 portk gkamp7, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp8 portk gkamp8, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp9 portk gkamp9, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp10 portk gkamp10, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp11 portk gkamp11, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp12 portk gkamp12, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp13 portk gkamp13, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp14 portk gkamp14, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp15 portk gkamp15, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kamp16 portk gkamp16, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kcps portk gkcps, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kTone1Amp portk gkTone1Amp, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kTone2Amp portk gkTone2Amp, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kgain portk gkgain, kporttime ;APPLY PORTAMENTO TO SLIDER VARIABLE kcps1 = kcps ;PITCH (IN CYCLES PER SECOND) OF FIRST TONE kinterval table gkinterval, giintervals ;INTERVAL BY WHICH SECOND TONE WILL BE TRANSPOSED kcps2 = (kcps*kinterval)+gkdtn ;PITCH (IN CYCLES PER SECOND) PF SECOND TONE a1_1 poscil3 1-kamp1 , kcps1, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_2 poscil3 1-kamp2 , kcps1*2, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_3 poscil3 1-kamp3 , kcps1*3, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_4 poscil3 1-kamp4 , kcps1*4, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_5 poscil3 1-kamp5 , kcps1*5, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_6 poscil3 1-kamp6 , kcps1*6, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_7 poscil3 1-kamp7 , kcps1*7, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_8 poscil3 1-kamp8 , kcps1*8, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_9 poscil3 1-kamp9 , kcps1*9, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_10 poscil3 1-kamp10, kcps1*10, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_11 poscil3 1-kamp11, kcps1*11, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_12 poscil3 1-kamp12, kcps1*12, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_13 poscil3 1-kamp13, kcps1*13, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_14 poscil3 1-kamp14, kcps1*14, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_15 poscil3 1-kamp15, kcps1*15, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1_16 poscil3 1-kamp16, kcps1*16, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF FIRST ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a1 sum a1_1,a1_2,a1_3,a1_4,a1_5,a1_6,a1_7,a1_8,a1_9,a1_10,a1_11,a1_12,a1_13,a1_14,a1_15,a1_16 ;SUM (MIX) ALL PARTIALS OF FIRST TONE a2_1 poscil3 1-kamp1 , kcps2, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_2 poscil3 1-kamp2 , kcps2*2, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_3 poscil3 1-kamp3 , kcps2*3, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_4 poscil3 1-kamp4 , kcps2*4, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_5 poscil3 1-kamp5 , kcps2*5, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_6 poscil3 1-kamp6 , kcps2*6, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_7 poscil3 1-kamp7 , kcps2*7, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_8 poscil3 1-kamp8 , kcps2*8, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_9 poscil3 1-kamp9 , kcps2*9, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_10 poscil3 1-kamp10, kcps2*10, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_11 poscil3 1-kamp11, kcps2*11, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_12 poscil3 1-kamp12, kcps2*12, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_13 poscil3 1-kamp13, kcps2*13, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_14 poscil3 1-kamp14, kcps2*14, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_15 poscil3 1-kamp15, kcps2*15, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2_16 poscil3 1-kamp16, kcps2*16, gisine ;CREATE OSCILLATOR FOR PARTIAL OF SECOND ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS TONE a2 sum a2_1,a2_2,a2_3,a2_4,a2_5,a2_6,a2_7,a2_8,a2_9,a2_10,a2_11,a2_12,a2_13,a2_14,a2_15,a2_16 ;SUM (MIX) ALL PARTIALS OF SECOND TONE if gkmode==0 then ;IF MONO MIX MODE IS SELECTED... amix sum a1*kTone1Amp,a2*kTone2Amp ;MIX THE TWO TONES amix = (amix*kgain) / 16 ;RESCALE AMPLTUDE WITH 'Gain' SLIDER AND ALSO SCALE AMPLITUDE DOWN TO COMPENSATE FOR THE SUMMATION OF THE 16 PARTIALS outs amix, amix ;SEND MIX OF TWO TONES TO EACH SPEAKER else ;ELSE (BINAURAL MODE IS SELECTED)... a1 = (a1*kTone1Amp*kgain)/16 ;RESCALE AMPLTUDE OF TONE 1 WITH 'TONE 1 AMPLITUDE' SLIDER AND ALSO SCALE AMPLITUDE DOWN TO COMPENSATE FOR THE SUMMATION OF THE 16 PARTIALS a2 = (a2*kTone2Amp*kgain)/16 ;RESCALE AMPLTUDE OF TONE 2 WITH 'TONE 2 AMPLITUDE' SLIDER AND ALSO SCALE AMPLITUDE DOWN TO COMPENSATE FOR THE SUMMATION OF THE 16 PARTIALS outs a1, a2 ;SEND TONE 1 AND TONE 2 SEPARATELY TO THE LEFT AND RIGHT SPEAKERS endif ;END OF CONDITIONAL BRANCHING endin f 0 3600 ;DUMMY SCORE EVENT - ALLOWS REALTIME PERFORMANCE FOR 1 HOUR